-
1 ἀναφέρω
ἀναφέρω fut. ἀνοίσω LXX (also Just., D. 112 al.), 2 aor. ἀνήνεγκα (late form) and ἀνήνεγκον (B-D-F §80; 81; W-S. §13, 13; Mlt-H. 263); pf. ἀνενήνοχα LXX. Pass.: fut. ἀνενεχθήσομαι LXX; aor. ἀνηνέχθην (s. φέρω; Hom.+ in var. mngs.; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 10:9 L; TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 10:4; ParJer; GrBar 8:4; ApcSed [-φέρυσται 10:3;-φέρνεται p. 133, 36 Ja.]; ApcMos 32; ApcZeph; Philo, Aet. M. 64; Jos., Bell. 1, 234, C. Ap. 1, 232)① to cause to move from a lower position to a higher, take, lead, bring up, of pers. ἀ. αὐτοὺς εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλόν he led them up a high mountain Mt 17:1; Mk 9:2. Pass. ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τ. οὐρανόν he was taken up into heaven (of Romulus: Plut., Numa 60 [2, 4]; of Endymion: Hes., Fgm. 148 Rz. τὸν Ἐνδυμίωνα ἀνενεχθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς εἰς οὐρανόν; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 57 and 58 p. 264, 17) Lk 24:51 (MParsons, The Departure of Jesus in Luke-Acts ’87). ἀναφερόμενοι εἰς τὰ ὕψη IEph 9:1.② to carry and hand over someth. to someone, deliver ἀνήνεγκεν τῷ ἱερεῖ (Mary) delivered to the priest her purple and scarlet embroidery work GJs 12:1 (pap; mss. v.l. ἀπ-). Of food, Syn. w. αἴρω GJs 18:2 (s. αἴρω 2b).③ to offer as a sacrifice, offer up, specif. a cultic t.t. (SIG 56, 68; Lev 17:5; 1 Esdr 5:49; Is 57:6; 2 Macc 1:18; 2:9 al.; ParJer 9:1f; Did., Gen. 219, 15) ἀ. θυσίας ὑπέρ τινος offer sacrifices for someth. Hb 7:27. ἀ. τινὰ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον (Gen 8:20; Lev 14:20; Bar 1:10; 1 Macc 4:53; Just., D. 118, 2 θυσίας) offer up someone on the altar Js 2:21. Of Jesus’ sacrifice: ἑαυτὸν ἀνενέγκας when he offered up himself Hb 7:27. τὰς ἀμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον he himself brought our sins in his body to the cross 1 Pt 2:24 (cp. Dssm., B 83ff [BS 88f]). Pol 8:1 (Is 53:12).—Fig. (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 2, 214b χάριν=render thanks to the divinity) ἀ. θυσίαν αἰνέσεως offer up a sacr. of praise Hb 13:15 (cp. 2 Ch 29:31). ἀ. πνευματικὰς θυσίας 1 Pt 2:5. ἀ. προσευχάς offer prayers 2 Cl 2:2. ἀ. δέησιν περί τινος offer up a petition for someth. B 12:7.④ take up as a burden, take up. In Is 53:11 ἀ. is used to translate סָבַל, in vs. 12 for נָשָׂא, and in the corresponding passages in our lit. ἀ. is often rendered ‘bear’ or ‘take away’. But ἀ. seems not to have these meanings. Very often, on the contrary, it has a sense that gives ἀνα its full force: lay or impose a burden on someone, give something to someone to bear, as a rule, in fact, to someone who is not obligated to bear it (Aeschyl., Choeph. 841 ἄχθος; Polyb. 1, 36, 3; 4, 45, 9; Diod S 15, 48, 4; 32, 26, 1; Appian, Liby. 93; Syr. 41, where the other defendants were τὴν αἰτίαν ἐς τὸν Ἐπαμεινώνδαν ἀναφέροντες, i.e. putting the blame on Epaminondas. The Lex. Vind. p. 12, 3 sees in Eur., Or. 76 ἐς Φοῖβον ἀναφέρουσα τ. ἁμαρτίαν and in Procop. Soph., Ep. 7 p. 535 H. proof that ἀναφέρειν is used ἀντὶ τοῦ τὴν αἰτίαν εἰς ἕτερον τιθέναι.) In a case in which a man takes upon himself the burden that another should have borne, then ἀ.= take upon oneself (Thu. 3, 38, 3 ἡ πόλις τὰ μὲν ἆθλα ἑτέροις δίδωσιν, αὐτὴ δὲ τοὺς κινδύνους ἀναφέρει=the city gives the prizes to others, but she takes the dangers upon herself). Christ was once for all offered up in this respect (εἰς 5) that he assumed the sins of many Hb 9:28. Cp. 1 Cl 16:12, 14.—M-M. TW. Spicq. -
2 ἄν
1I. ἄν (after relatives ἐάν [q.v.] is oft. used for ἄν, but the mss. vary greatly, s. B-D-F §107; 377; Mlt. 42ff, 165ff; Mayser 152f; Crönert 130f; Thackeray 67; Dssm., NB 30ff [BS 202ff]). A particle peculiar to Gk. (Hom.+) denoting aspect of contingency, incapable of translation by a single English word; it denotes that the action of the verb is dependent on some circumstance or condition; the effect of ἄν upon the meaning of its clause depends on the mood and tense/aspect of the verb w. which it is used. The NT use of ἄν corresponds in the main to older Gk., although the rich variety of its employment is limited, as is generally the case in later Greek. In certain constructions (s. aβ) an aspect of certainty is indicated, suggesting the gloss would. In most other instances aspects of varying possibility or conditionality find expression in ways that can be rendered ever, but with other glosses required when ἄν is used in conjunction with other particles.ⓐ ἄν w. aor. or impf. indic.α. denoting repeated action in past time, but only under certain given conditions, esp. after relatives (B-D-F §367; Rob. index): aor. (Gen 30:42; Num 9:17; 1 Km 14:47; Ezk 10:11) ὅσοι ἂν ἥψαντο αὐτοῦ, ἐσῴζοντο whoever touched him was cured Mk 6:56. Impf. (Ezk 1:20; 1 Macc 13:20; Tob 7:11) ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο εἰς κώμας wherever he went (as he was accustomed to do—ADebrunner, D. hellenist. Nebensatziterativpräteritum mit ἄν: Glotta 11, 1920, 1–28) into villages Mk 6:56. καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν as anyone was in need Ac 2:45; 4:35. Similarly ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε (v.l. ἀνήγεσθε) 1 Cor 12:2. Cp. also ὅταν 1bγ and δ.β. in the apodosis of a contrary to fact (unreal) condition w. εἰ (B-D-F §360; but ἄν is not always used [s. the vv.ll. J 18:36]: §360, 1; Mlt. 199ff; PMelcher, De sermone Epicteteo 1905, 75); it is foundא. w. impf. (4 Macc 17:7; Bar 3:13; ParJer 5:20; GrBar 6:6; ApcMos 39) οὗτος εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would (now) know (but he does not) Lk 7:39. εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν …, ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith …, you would say 17:6. εἰ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί J 5:46. εἰ ἐμὲ ᾔδειτε, καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου ἄν ᾔδειτε 8:19; cp. vs. 42; 9:41; 15:19. εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην Gal 1:10; cp. 3:21. εἰ ἑαυτοὺς διεκρίνομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα 1 Cor 11:31. εἰ ἦν ἐπὶ γῆς, οὐδʼ ἂν ἦν ἱερεύς if he were on earth, he would not even be a priest Hb 8:4; cp. 4:8; 8:7; 11:15.ב. w. aor., placing the assumption in the past (Gen 30:27; Wsd 11:25; Jdth 11:2; 4 Macc 2:20; TestJob 7:9 al.; ParJer 5:5; GrBar 8:7; PGiss 47, 17) εἰ ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν … μετενόησαν if the miracles had been performed, they would long ago have repented Mt 11:21. εἰ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν ἐσταύρωσαν 1 Cor 2:8; cp. Ro 9:29 (Is 1:9). εἰ ἐγνώκειτε, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε if you had recognized, you would not have condemned Mt 12:7. εἰ ἠγαπᾶτέ με, ἐχάρητε ἄν if you loved me, you would have rejoiced J 14:28; cp. 11:21. The plpf. for aor. indic. (PGiss 79 II, 6 εἰ δυνατόν μοι ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ὠκνήκειν; BGU 1141, 27f) εἰ ἦσαν, μεμενήκεισαν ἄν 1J 2:19; cp. J 11:21 v.l.—In κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν σὺν τόκῳ ἂν αὐτὸ ἔπραξα Lk 19:23, ἐλθών functions as an unreal-temporal protasis (B-D-F §360, 2); cp. καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐγὼ ἐκομισάμην ἂν τὸ ἐμόν Mt 25:27. Sim. ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι; where ἐπεί functions as protasis, otherwise (i.e. if the sacrifices had really brought about a lasting atonement) would they not have ceased to offer sacrifices? Hb 10:2.ⓑ ἄν w. subjunc. after relatives, the rel. clause forming virtually the protasis of a conditional sentence (B-D-F §380, 1) of the future more vivid or present general type.α. w. fut. or impf. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results are thought of as in the future, of single and repeated action (IG XIV, 865 [VI B.C.] ὸ̔ς δʼ ἄν με κλέψῃ, τυφλὸς ἔσται; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]). ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται but whoever does and teaches=if a person does and teaches it Mt 5:19. ὸ̔ς ἂν ἐσθίῃ …, ἔνοχος ἔσται 1 Cor 11:27. οὓς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) δοκιμάσητε, τούτους πέμψω 16:3—Mt 10:11; 1 Cor 16:2.β. w. pres. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results involve repeated action, regardless of the time element: ἃ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ whatever he does, the Son does likewise J 5:19. ὅπου ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) αὐτὸν καταλάβῃ, ῥήσσει αὐτόν wherever it seizes him Mk 9:18. ὑμῖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία …, ὅσους ἂν προσκαλέσηται κύριος Ac 2:39. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) βουληθῇ φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου, ἐχθρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ καθίσταται whoever wishes to be a friend of the world Js 4:4. Cp. ὅπου ἄν 3:4 v.l.—Where ὅς or ὅστις appears w. subj. without ἄν (but cp. IG XII/1, 671 ὸ̔ς ἀνασπαράξῃ τ. τάφον; CPR I, 24, 33; 25, 19; AcThom 93 [Aa II/2, 206], 19; Is 7:2; 31:4), the reading that gives the fut. ind. is prob. the right one: ὅστις τηρήσῃ (v.l.-σει) Js 2:10. ὅσοι (without ἄν PPetr I, 13, 3;5; CPR I, 237, 3; IPergamon 249, 26 ὅσοι … ἐγλίπωσι τὴν πόλιν; Vett. Val. 125, 16): ὅσοι μετανοήσωσιν καὶ καθαρίσωσιν Hs 8, 11, 3 (s. W. and Joly app. for the textual tradition). See Reinhold 108; B-D-F §380, 4.ⓒ In temporal clauses ἄν is found w. the subjunct. when an event is to be described which can and will occur, but whose occurrence cannot yet be assumed w. certainty. Soα. ὅταν (=ὅτε ἄν; s. ὅταν) w. pres. subjunct. to indicate regularly recurring action (Wsd 12:18): ὅταν ἄρτον ἐσθίωσιν whenever they eat bread Mt 15:2. ὅταν λαλῇ τὸ ψεῦδος whenever he tells a lie J 8:44. ὅταν λέγῃ τις whenever anyone says 1 Cor 3:4.—W. aor. subjunct. to express action in the future which is thought of as already completed (Sir Prol. ln. 22; Tob 8:21) ὅταν ποιήσητε πάντα when you have done Lk 17:10. ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ κύριος when the owner has come Mt 21:40; ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mk 8:38; cp. J 4:25; 16:13; Ac 23:35. ὅταν πάλιν εἰσαγάγῃ τὸν πρωτότοκον Hb 1:6.β. ἡνίκα ἄν every time that (Ex 1:10; 33:22; 34:24 al.; POxy 104, 26 [96 A.D.]; PTebt 317, 18 [174/75] ἡνίκα ἐὰν εἰς τὸν νόμον παραγένηται). ἡνίκα ἂν (also ἐάν mss.) ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς every time that Moses is read aloud 2 Cor 3:15; cp. vs. 16.γ. ὁσάκις ἐάν as often as: ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) πίνητε 1 Cor 11:25. ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) ἐσθίητε vs. 26.δ. ὡς ἄν as soon as (PHib 59, 2 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; 66, 4; PEleph 9, 3 [III B.C.]; PParis 46, 18 [143 B.C.]; BGU 1209, 13 [23 B.C.]; Josh 2:14; Jdth 11:15; 1 Macc 15:9): ὡς ἂν πορεύωμαι as soon as I travel Ro 15:24. ὡς ἂν ἔλθω as soon as I come 1 Cor 11:34. ὡς ἂν ἀφίδω τὰ περὶ ἐμέ as soon as I see how it will go with me Phil 2:23. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96]) Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.—ἀφʼ οὗ ἄν after Lk 13:25.—In the case of temporal particles indicating a goal, viz. ἕως οὗ, ἄχρις (οὗ), μέχρις (οὗ), the mss. show considerable variation; the addition of ἄν is prob. correct only in rare cases (see B-D-F §383, 2). Only ἕως ἄν (PPetr II, 40a, 28 [III B.C.] ἕως ἂν ὑγιαίνοντας ὑμᾶς ἴδωμεν; Gen 24:14, 19; 49:10; Ex 23:30 al.) has certain attestation: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε stay until you go away Mt 10:11. ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 9:27.—Mt 2:13; 5:26. ἕως ἂν λάβῃ Js 5:7 v.l.—ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) ἔλθῃ 1 Cor 11:26. ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) θῇ 15:25; ἄχρις οὗ ἂν ἥξω Rv 2:25 (v.l. ἄχρι). ἄχρις ἂν ἔλθῃ (cp. BGU 830, 13 [I A.D.] ἄχρις ἄν σοι ἔλθω) Gal 3:19 v.l.—πρὶν ἄν: πρὶν ἢ ἂν (vv.ll. πρὶν ἄν, πρὶν ἢ, only πρὶν or ἕως ἂν) ἴδῃ τὸν Χριστόν Lk 2:26 (B-D-F §383, 3).ⓓ In purpose clauses the Attic (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I, 1912, 267f; JKnuenz, De enuntiatis Graec. finalibus 1913, 13ff; 26ff) ὅπως ἄν, esp. freq. in earlier ins (Meisterhans3-Schw. 254), has become quite rare (LXX still rather often: Gen 18:19; 50:20; Ex 33:13; Jer 7:23 al.) ὅπως ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν διαλογισμοί Lk 2:35. ὅπως ἂν ἔλθωσιν καιροί Ac 3:20.—15:17 (Am 9:12 v.l.); Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6); Mt 6:5 v.l.ⓔ The opt. w. ἄν in a main clause (potential opt.) has almost wholly disappeared; a rare ex. is εὐξαίμην (v.l. εὐξάμην) ἄν Ac 26:29 in Paul’s speech before Agrippa (literary usage; s. B-D-F §385, 1; also Rob. 938; Themist. 6 p. 80 D.—On the rarity of the potential opt. in pap, LXX, Apost. Fathers see CHarsing, De Optat. in Chartis Aeg. Usu, diss. Bonn 1910, 28; Reinhold 111). Cp.—also in the literary lang. of Lk—direct rhetor. questions (Gen 23:15; Job 19:23; Sir 25:3; 4 Macc 7:22; 14:10 v.l.; TestJob 13:5 τίς ἄν δώῃ 35:5) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; Ac 8:31. τί ἂν θέλοι οὗτος λέγειν; 17:18. Dg has also preserved the opt. as a mark of elegant style (2:3, 10; 3:3f; 4:5; 7:2f; 8:3). MPol 2:2 has τίς οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσειεν;—More freq. in an indirect question, after an impf. or histor. pres. (B-D-F §386, 1; Rob. 938f) τὸ τί ἂν θέλοι καλεῖσθαι αὐτό what he wanted the child’s name to be Lk 1:62. τίς ἂν εἴη περὶ οὗ λέγει J 13:24. τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων αὐτῶν which of them was the greatest Lk 9:46; cp. 18:36 v.l. τί ἂν ποιήσαιεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ what they should do to Jesus 6:11. τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο Ac 5:24. τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὅραμα 10:17. (IMagnMai 215 [I A.D.] ἐπερωτᾷ … τί ἂν ποιήσας … ἀδεῶς διατελοίη; Esth 3:13c πυθομένου δέ μου … πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο.)ⓕ The use of ἄν w. inf. and ptc., freq. in earlier Gk., is not found in the NT at all (B-D-F §396); ἵνα μὴ δόξω ὡς ἂν (or ὡσὰν, q.v.) ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς 2 Cor 10:9 is surely to be expl. in such a way that ὡς ἂν=Lat. quasi: I would not want it to appear as if I were frightening you; s. B-D-F §453, 3; Mlt. 167.—On εἰ μήτι ἂν (sc. γένηται) ἐκ συμφώνου except perhaps by agreement 1 Cor 7:5 s. B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169.—M-M.2II. ἄν for ἐάν is rare in Hellen. Gk. (B-D-F §107; Mlt. 43 n. 2; cp. Hyperid. 4, 5; 5, 15; Teles p. 31, 6; Plut., Mor. 547a; Epict., index Schenkl; pap [Mayser 152]; ins, esp. of the Aegean Sea [Rdm.2 198, 3; s. also SIG index IV 204]; 1 Esdr 2:16; 4 Macc 16:11; Jos., Ant. 4, 70; 219; Test12Patr; Mel. Fgm. 8b 24), but appears J 13:20; 16:23; 20:23; as v.l. 5:19; 9:22; 12:32; 19:12; Ac 9:2; and IMg 10:1.—Mlt. 63, 1.—M-M. -
3 ἀνάμνησις
ἀνάμνησις, εως, ἡ (s. ἀναμιμνῄσκω; Pla. et al.; ins, LXX, Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 189; Just.) reminder, remembrance τινός of something (Diod S 20, 93, 7 τῆς φιλίας ἀν.; Wsd 16:6; Jos., Bell. 3, 394; Just., D. 27, 4; 117, 3) ἀ. ἁμαρτιῶν a reminder of sins, of the sacrifices repeated every year Hb 10:3. In the account of the Eucharist εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν in remembrance (memory) of me 1 Cor 11:24f; Lk 22:19 (εἰς ἀ. Appian, Hann. 1 §2; Hierocles 11, 440 εἰς ἀ. τοῦ νόμου, 441 εἰς ἀ. τοῦ ὀρθοῦ λόγου=‘to remind them of’; Lev 24:7; Ps 37:1; 69:1; Jos., Ant. 19, 318. Cp. μνήμη 2. In Diod S 3, 57, 8 Basileia is honored as a deity by the people from whose midst she has disappeared. And when they offer sacrifices or show other honors to her, they beat kettledrums and cymbals, as Basileia did, and put on a representation [ἀπομιμουμένους] of her experiences; POxy 494, 22ff; Ltzm., Messe u. Herrenmahl4 1926; ELohmeyer, JBL 56, ’37, 244f; JJeremias, D. Abendmahlsworte Jesu ’67; DJones, JTS 6, ’55, 183–91; HKosmala, NovT 4, ’60, 81–94.—For the mng. memorial sacrifice, cp. Num 10:10 and s. L-S-J-M, but s. GCaird, JTS 19, ’68, 458; cp. EPeters, CBQ 10, ’48, 248f).—πρὸς ἀ. γράφειν to remind (you) 1 Cl 53:1.—M-M. TW. Sv. -
4 θῦμα
-ατος + τό N 3 5-4-4-2-0=15 Gn 43,16; Ex 29,28; 34,15.25; Dt 18,3sacrifice, offering Ex 29,28; victim (esp. of anim.) Ez 40,41; animals slaughtered (for food) Gn 43,16παρὰ τῶν θυόντων τὰ θύματα from those who offer sacrifices Dt 18,3 Cf. BICKERMAN 1946=1980 96-97 -
5 θύω
Aθῦον Od.15.222
, [dialect] Ion.θύεσκον Hippon. 37
: [tense] fut. θύσω [ῡ] E.El. 1141, Pl.Lg. 909d, Henioch.5.10, [dialect] Dor.θυσῶ Theoc. 2.33
; [ per.] 3pl.θυσέοντι IG12(3).452
([place name] Thera): [tense] aor.ἔθῡσα Od.9.231
, etc., [dialect] Ep.θῦσα 14.446
: [tense] pf. , Pl.R. 328c:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. (as [voice] Pass., Hdt.7.197): [tense] aor.ἐθυσάμην Th.4.92
, ([etym.] ἐκ-) Hdt.6.91, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.τῠθήσομαι D.S.16.91
, Luc. DDeor.4.2: [tense] aor. ἐτύθην [ῠ] Hdt.1.216, A.Ch. 242, Philem.155.2 (part. written , cf.τὴν βοῦν τὴν θυθεῖσαν IG12(7).241
(Amorgos, iii B.C.), etc.): [tense] pf. (lyr.), Ar.Av. 1034, X. HG3.5.5 (in med. sense, 5.1.18, An.7.8.21): [tense] plpf.ἐτέθῠτο Id.HG3.1.23
. [[pron. full] ῡ in [tense] fut. and [tense] aor., [pron. full] ῠ in [tense] pf. [voice] Act. and [voice] Pass., and [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.; [pron. full] ῡ generally in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., exc. in trisyll. cases of part., θῠοντα Od.15.260,θύ?θύωXοντες h.Ap. 491
, butθύ?θύωXεσκε Hippon. 37
; ἔθύ?θύωXε, θύ?θύωXων, Pi. O.10(11).57,13.69; θύ?θύωXειν, at the end of a line, E.El. 1141 (s.v. l., fort. θύη), Cyc. 334, Ar.Ach. 792 (spoken by a Megarian); θύ?θύωXεις, θύ?θύωXω, Strato Com.1.19, 20; θύ?θύωXωντι [ per.] 3pl. [tense] pres. subj., Theoc.4.21.]I [voice] Act., offer by burning meat or drink to the gods (τὸ θύειν δωρεῖσθαί ἐστι τοῖς θεοῖς Pl.Euthphr. 14c
),θεοῖσι δὲ θῦσαι ἀνώγει Πάτροκλον.., ὁ δ' ἐν πυρὶ βάλλε θυηλάς Il.9.219
, cf. Aristarch. ap. Sch.adloc., Com.Adesp.7D. (ap. Phryn.PSp.74 B.); ἦ ῥα καὶ ἄρ γματα θῦσε θεοῖς, of a drink-offering, Od.14.446, cf. 15.260; so ἔνθα δὲ πῦρ κήαντες ἐθύσαμεν (sc. τῶν τυρῶν) made an offering of cheese, 9.231;θ. ἀκρόθινα Pi.O.10(11).57
; πέλανον, δεῖπνα, A.Pers. 204, Eu. 109; πυρούς, ναστούς, Ar.Av. 565, 567: c. dat. rei, θ. τούτῳ ὅ τι ἔχοι ἕκαστος (with v.l. τοῦτο) Hdt.1.50.2 sacrifice, slay a victim, [ τῷ ἡλίῳ] θ. ἵππους (v.l. ἵπποισι) ib. 216;ταῦρον Pi.O.13.69
;αὑτοῦ παῖδα A.Ag. 1417
, cf. S.El. 532, etc.;ἱρά Hdt.1.59
;ἱερεῖα Th.1.126
, etc.; θ. θῦμα, θυσίαν, Pl.Plt. 290e, R. 362c, etc.; θ. διαβατήρια, ἐπινίκια, etc., Plu.Luc.24, Pl.Smp. 173a, etc.:—[voice] Pass., τὰ τεθυμένα the flesh of the victim, X.HG4.3.14, etc.; τὰ τεθ. ἱερά ib.3.5.5;τὰ θυόμενα Id.Lac.15.3
.3 abs., offer sacrifice, Hdt.1.31.al., A.Ag. 594, Fr.161.2, S.OC 1159; τοῖσι θεοῖσι θ. Pherecr. 23, cf. Hdt.4.60, 8.138;θεῶν ἕνεκα Men.129.1
.4 celebrate with offerings or sacrifices, σῶστρα θ. Hdt.1.118;γενέθλια Pl.Alc.1.121c
;Λύκαια, Ἡράκλεια X.An.1.2.10
, D.19.86;ἐλευθέρια Henioch.5.10
;γάμους Plu.Pomp.55
.6 Ἑστίᾳ θύειν, prov. of niggards, because sacrifices to Hestia admitted no one to share the offering, Theopomp.Com.28.II [voice] Med., cause a victim to be offered,τῶν θυμάτων ὧν δεῖ θύεσθαι καὶ παρίστασθαι IG5(1).1390.65
(Andania, i B.C.), etc.: hence freq. abs., consult the gods, Hdt.7.189, E.Heracl. 340; ἐπὶ Κρότωνα, ἐπὶ τῷ Πέρσῃ, i.e. on marching against.., Hdt.5.44, 9.10, cf. X.An.7.8.21; θύεσθαι ἐπ' ἐξόδῳ ib. 6.4.9; ὑπὲρ τῆς μονῆς ib.5.6.27: c. inf., θ. ἰέναι offer sacrifice [ to learn] whether to go or not, ib.2.2.3; also ἐθυόμην εἰ βέλτιον εἴη ib.6.1.31 (so in [voice] Act., ἔθυε (v.l. ἐθύετο) τῷ Διί.. πότερά οἱ λῷον καὶ ἄμεινον εἴη.. ib.7.6.44); διαβατήρια θύεσθαι, as in [voice] Act., Th.5.54.2 metaph., tear in pieces, of wild beasts, A.Ag. 137 (lyr.). (Hence θυμός, cf. Skt. dhūmás, Lat. fumus 'smoke', θυμιάω, θύος, θυήλημα, τύφω, perh. θεῖον (A), Lat. suffire; cf. sq.)------------------------------------Aἔθῡσα Call.Fr.82
:—rage, seethe,ἄνεμος μὲν ἐπαύσατο λαίλαπι θύων Od.12.400
; Ζέφυρος μεγάλῃ σὺν λαίλαπι θύων ib. 408, cf. Hes.Op. 621, Th. 874; of a swollen river, ὁ δ' ἐπέσσυτο οἴδματι θύων seething, Il.21.234; ὑψόσε θύων ib. 324; of a wind-swept sea,ὁ δ' ἔστενεν οἴδματι θύων 23.230
, cf. Hes.Th. 109, 131; of the wake of a ship,κῦμα δ' ὄπισθε πορφύρεον μέγα θῦε Od.13.85
; δάπεδον δ' ἅπαν αἵματι θῦεν the ground seethed with blood, 11.420, 22.309; of persons, storm, rage,ἦ γὰρ ὅ γ' ὀλοιῇσι φρεσὶ θύει Il.1.342
;ἔγχεϊ θῦεν 11.180
;κασιγνήτα μένει θύοισα Pi.P.3.33
;θύουσαν Ἅιδου μητέρα A.Ag. 1235
;πυκνὰ δέ οἱ κραδίη ἔντοσθεν ἔθυεν A.R.3.755
(v.l. ἔθυιεν): c.inf., desire eagerly, ἐνισπεῖν ib. 685; of a horse, Call.Fr.82; of a serpent, Nic.Th. 129 (v.l. θυίῃσι). [[pron. full] ῡ always: for θύμενος [ῠ] is f.l. for σύμενος in Pratin.Lyr.1.4.] θυίω (q. v.) should perh. be preferred in later [dialect] Ep., and is cj. in Pi.l.c. (Cf. Lett. dusmas (pl.) 'anger', dusēt 'puff', 'pant', Lat. f[ ucaron]ro (fr. dh[ ucaron]s-), θύελλα, θυίω, θυιάς (orig. madwoman); prob. cogn. with foreg.) -
6 θυσία
θυσία, ας, ἡ (s. θύω and next entry; Pind., Hdt.+).① act of offering, offering fig. ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τ. πίστεως ὑμῶν as you offer your faith Phil 2:17 (though mng. 2b is not impossible for the complex set of imagery in this pass.; s. below).② that which is offered as a sacrifice, sacrifice, offeringⓐ lit.α. (stated gener. Dg 3:5; Just., D. 43, 1 al.; Ath. 26, 3) Mt 9:13; 12:7 (both Hos 6:6); Mk 9:49 v.l., s. ἁλίζω; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7), 26. Pl. Mk 12:33; Lk 13:1 (cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 30 παρὰ ταῖς ἰδίαις θυσίαις ἀπεσφάχθαι); Hb 10:1, 8; 1 Cl 4:2 (Gen 4:5; cp. Diod S 12, 20, 2 τῶν θεῶν οὐ χαιρόντων ταῖς τῶν πονηρῶν θυσίαις); B 2:4, 5 (Is 1:11), 7 (Jer 7:22). The various kinds are specified 1 Cl 41:2. ἀνάγειν θυσίαν bring an offering Ac 7:41 (ἀνάγω 3). Also ἀναφέρειν θ. Hb 7:27 (ἀναφέρω 3); δοῦναι θ. Lk 2:24. προσφέρειν (Ex 32:6; Lev 2:1, 8 and oft.; Just., D. 41, 3 al.) Ac 7:42 (Am 5:25); Hb 5:1; 8:3; 10:11; 11:4; 1 Cl 10:7. Pass. Hb 9:9. φέρειν θ. (2 Ch 29:31, Jer 17:26; Just. A I, 24, 2 al.) 1 Cl 4:1 (Gen 4:3). προσάγεσθαι θ. (cp. 1 Esdr 1:16) be led as a sacrifice 1 Cl 31:3.β. of a sacrificial meal (Polycrates: 588 Fgm. 1 Jac. equated w. θοίνη [‘feast’]; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 29, 9 τὴν θυσίαν ἐποιησάμεθα τῶν Σωτηρίων=the meal to celebrate deliverance) ἐσθίειν τὰς θ. eat the sacrifices (Ps 105:28; Num 25:2) 1 Cor 10:18. The Eucharist is spoken of as a sacrifice or offering and sacrificial meal D 14:1ff (s. Knopf, Hdb. exc. on D 9 and 10, p. 24f).γ. of the sacrificial death of Christ which, in contrast to the earthly sacrifices, is to be classed among the κρείττονες θυσίαι Hb 9:23; 10:12. διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ 9:26. παρέδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν θυσίαν τ. θεῷ Eph 5:2 (Diod S 4, 82, 2 τὴν θυσίαν ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων τ. Ἑλλήνων).—B 7:3.—Of aspiration to martyrdom ἵνα διὰ τῶν ὀργάνων τούτων θεοῦ θυσία εὑρεθῶ IRo 4:2. προσδεχθείην … σήμερον ἐν θυσίᾳ πίονι καὶ προσδεκτῇ MPol 14:2.ⓑ fig. (Sextus 47: the doing of good as the only θυσία pleasing to God; sim. Persius 2, 73–75, a pure heart is the appropriate sacrifice in temples: compositum ius fasque animo … haec cedo ut admoveam templis) a broken spirit designated as θ. 1 Cl 18:16f; 52:4; B 2:10 (all three Ps 50:19). θ. αἰνέσεως praise-offering (s. on αἴνεσις) is used fig. in our lit. of spiritual sacrifice 1 Cl 35:12 (Ps 49:23); 52:3 (Ps 49:14). It is explained Hb 13:15 as καρπὸς χειλέων ὁμολογούντων τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ (=τ. θεοῦ).—εἰ σπένδομαι ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν even if I must pour out my blood over the sacrifice of your faith (i.e., consisting in your faith) Phil 2:17 (cp. Arrian, Anab. 6, 19, 5 σπείσας ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τὴν φιάλην; but s. 1 above). θ. δεκτή an acceptable sacr. (s. δεκτός 2) Phil 4:18; Hs 5, 3, 8; cp. Hb 13:16 and 2aγ end. πνευματικαὶ θ. spiritual sacrifices 1 Pt 2:5 (cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 18; 19; 21 λογικαὶ θυσίαι; s. on this Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 38; 328f.—SibOr 8, 408 ζῶσα θυσία). παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν θυσίαν ζῶσαν I appeal to you to present your bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1 (παριστάναι θυσίαν is a t.t. of sacrificial procedure: OGI 332, 17 and 42; 456, 20f; 764, 23 and 33 al., SIG2 554, 6; SIG3 694, 50.—PSeidensticker, Lebendiges Opfer Röm 12:1, diss. Münster, ’54).—OSchmitz, Die Opferanschauung d. spät. Judentums u. die Opferaussagen d. NTs 1910; HWenschkewitz, D. Spiritualisierung der Kultusbegriffe Tempel, Priester u. Opfer im NT ’32; WvLoewenich, Z. Verständnis d. Opfergedankens im Hb: ThBl 12, ’32, 167–72; JBrinktrine, D. Messopferbegr. in den ersten 2 Jahrh. 1918; RYerkes, ATR 29, ’47, 28–33; RdeVaux, Les Sacrifices de l’Ancien Testament ’64. BHHW II 1345–52; Pauly-W. XVIII 579–627; JCasabona, Recherches sur le vocabulaire des Sacrifices en Grec ’66.—B. 1467. DELG s.v. 2 θύω B6. TRE XXV esp. 253–78. M-M. Sv. S. also εὐχαριστία 3. -
7 ἱερός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: "holy", `dedicated to a god, divine', also in gen. praising `glorious, excellent, strong, quick etc.' (cf. below); ἱερόν n. `consecrated area, temple' (posthom.), ἱερά n. pl., rarely sg. `Weihgeschenk, sacrifice(animal)' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member in many compp., not mentioned here.Derivatives: (Dialectforms not noted): 1. ἱερεύς (Il.), Arc. Cypr. ἱερής, Ion. also ἱέρεως (hardly taken from ἀρχιέρεως, Sommer Nominalkomp. 129, Egli Heteroklisie 111f. with new explan.) m. `who performs the sacrifices (τὰ ἱερά), offerer, priest' (Schulze KZ 52, 193 = Kl. Schr. 573; after Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς rather backformation from ἱερεύω; on meaning and spread E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 81f.). From ἱερεύς: a) several feminines (cf. on βασιλεύς): ἱέρεια (Il.), Cypr. ἰερήϜιϳα, Ion. ἱερέη, -ῆ; ἱερηΐς (Megar.), ἱέρισσα (pap. IIa); b) the nouns ἱερεία `priest-ship' (Thyateira; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 311), ἱερεῖον, -ήϊον `sacrif. animal' (Il.), ἱερ(ε)ωσύνη `priest-ship' (IA) with ἱερ(ε)ώσυνος `priesterly' (hell.); c) the adjective ἱερευτικός `priesterly (pap.); d) the denominatives ἱερεύω `offer, devote' (Il.) with ἱέρευσις (sch.) and ἱερεύσιμος (Plu. 2, 729d, besides θύσιμος; Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 94), or from ἱερός, ἱερά; ἱερεώομαι, ἱερεώσασθαι `be priest' (hell.; Schulze Symb. phil. Danielsson 304 = Kl. Schr. 325). - 2. ἱερόλας = ἱερεύς (S. Fr. 57; uncertain; on the formation Chantraine Formation 238). - 3. ἱερῖτιν καθαρμοῦ δεομένην, ἱκέτιν H. (A. Fr. 93). - 4. ἱερατικός `priesterly, hieratic' (Pl. Plt. 290d, Arist.; cf. also ἱερατεύω, ἱερατεία below). - 5. Ι῝ερυς PN (Leumann Glotta 32, 220). - 6. Several denomin.: a) ἱερεύω, cf. om ἱερεύς; b) ἱεράομαι care for the victims ( ἱερά)' (Hdt., Th.); c) ἱεράζω `id.' (Ion. islands), Boeot. ἱαρειάδδω, prob. from ἱαρεία; d) ἱερόω `consecrate' (Att., Locr. etc.) with ἱέρωμα `consecration' (Cret., Epid. etc.), ἱερωτός (Thess.); e) ἱερίζω = καθαίρω H. (s. ἁγνίτης) with ἱεριστής `who cares for the ἱερα' and ἱερισμός `holy service' (hell.); f) ἱερατεύω `be priest' with ἱερατεία, ἱεράτευμα, ἱερατεῖον; ἱεριτεύω `id.'; ἱερωτεύω `id.' with ἱερωτεία; all dialectical, hell.; on the formation Schwyzer 732, Solmsen Glotta 1, 80.Etymology: The different meanings, partly also the variation in form induced many scholars to split ἱερός in two or even in three words. Thus one has because of the long anlaut in ἱ̄ερὸν ἰχθύν Π 407, ἱαρὸς ὄρνις (Alkm. Fr. 26) and ἱερὸς ὄρ. (AP 7, 171), which can be easily explained as metr. lengthening, assumed a special Ϝῑερός `rapid, quick', from where ἱέραξ `hawk' (s. v.). In the meaning `strong, forceful' ἱερός would however be identical with Skt. iṣirá- etwa `strong, active'; here also Celtic river names like Isara (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 121f.). A third ἱερός, as `holy', would have connections with Italic and Germanic, e. g. Osc. aisusis `sacrifiis', Paelign. aisis, Umbr. erus `dis', OHG ēra ` Ehre'. Thus esp. Schulze Q. 207ff. after Ahrens Phil. 27, 585ff., Solmsen Unt. 147ff. For uniform origin, though in parts different, Kuhn KZ 2, 274, Meillet Zeitschr. celt. Phil. 10, 309, Devoto Studi etr. 5, 316, v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 21f., Specht in Schaeder ZDMG 94, 408, Duchesne-Guillemin Mélanges Boisacq 1, 333ff., who as support of the old comparison with Skt. iṣirá- pointed to the agreement between ἱερὸν μένος and Skt. iṣiréṇa mánasā (instr.). On which now R. Schmitt Dichtung u. Dichtersprache 111-114. - Kretschmer Glotta 11, 278ff. (s. also Glotta 30, 88) considered ἱερός as cross of Gr. * aisaros, * eiseros `divine' (with Etr. aesar `god' and Osc. aisusis etc.) and an IE word for `strong' (= Skt. iṣirá-). - See P. Wülfing von Martitz, Glotta 38 (1960) 272-307 and 39 (1961)24-43; s. also Belardi Doxa 3, 207. J.P. Locher, Unters. zυ ἱερός haupts. bei Homer (Berne 1963). The change ἱερός, ἱαρός, ἰ̄ρός (IE * iseros, *isr̥os, *isrós ?) Schwyzer 482 and 243; Ramat, Sprache 8 (1962) 4-28 connects Skt. iṣṇāti `set in movement', which gives * ish₁ro-. Lesbian ἶρος must be due to assimilation. Dot. ἱαρός is due to dev. before r. On the aspiration ibd. 219f. On the meaning (against ἅγιος, ἁγνός) Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 61ff.; also J. Chr. Bolkestein Ο῝σιος en εὑσεβής. diss. Amsterdam 1936, Palmer Eranos 53, 4ff., Defradas Rev. de phil. 81, 208ff. - Older lit. in Bq. García Ramón, Akten VII. Fachtagung, Innsbruck 1992, 183-205, connects 1. eis- (Pok. 299f.) `set in motion', i. e. Skt. iṣṇāti, Gr. ἰνάω (ῑ-), which gives * h₁ish₂-ro-, but assumes that between s and cons. a laryngeal was lost, giving ἰ̃ ρος etc.; - ερος and - αρος would be replacements.Page in Frisk: 1,713-714Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἱερός
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8 καλός
καλός, ή, όν, [dialect] Aeol. [full] κάλος (v. infr.), α, ον, [dialect] Boeot. [full] καλϝός Schwyzer 538 (vi B. C.):—A beautiful, of outward form, freq. of persons,κάλλιστος ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθεν Il.2.673
: in Hom. usu. in the phraseκ. τε μέγας τε Il.21.108
, al.; μέγας καὶ κ. Od.9.513;καλή τε μεγάλη τε 13.289
, 15.418; καλὸς δέμας beautiful of form, 17.307;κ. ἰδέᾳ Pi.O.10
(11). 103;εἶδος κάλλιστος X.Cyr.1.2.1
;κ. τὸ σῶμα Id.Mem.2.6.30
;τὰς ὄψεις Theopomp.Hist.195
; Χορῷ καλή beauteous in the dance, Il. 16.180: c. inf.,καλλίονες καὶ μείζονες εἰσοράασθαι Od.10.396
; ἐσορᾶν κ. Pi.O.8.19: freq. of parts of the body, fair, shapely, κ. πρόσωπα, ὅμματα, παρήϊα, σφυρά, Il.19.285, 23.66, Od.19.208, Il.4.147;Χρώς 5.354
, al.; of clothes, εἵματα, φάρεα, Χιτών, Χλαῖνα, πέδιλα, Od.6.111, 24.277, Il.2.43, Od.10.365, 1.96; ; of arms and armour, κνημῖδες, ἀσπίς, σάκος, κόρυς, φάσγανα, ἔντεα, 3.331, 11.33, 22.314, 18.612, 15.713, Od.19.18; of buildings, manufactured articles, etc.,αὐλὴ κ. τε μεγάλη τε 14.7
; κ. δώματα, τεῖχος, πόλιες, 3.387, Il.21.447, 18.491; ἄμαξα, τράπεζα, θρόνος, 24.267, 11.629, Od.1.131; also τέμενος, ἀγρός, Il.12.314, Od.24.206; so after Hom.,Λύδιον κ. ἔργον Sapph.19
, etc.; ἐέρσα κ. ead.Supp.25.12.2 in [dialect] Att. added to a name in token of love or admiration, as Ἀρίσημος κ. IG12.921, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι τοίχοις ἔγραφ' Ἀθηναῖοι καλοί" Ar. Ach. 144, cf.V.98; Ἀλκιβιάδης ὁ καλός, Σαπφὼ ἡ καλή, Pl.Alc.1.113b, Phdr. 235c.c Καλοί, οἱ, divinities worshipped in childbirth, IG5(1).1445 (Messene, ii B. C.).3 τὸ καλόν beauty, Sapph.79, E.IA21 (anap.), etc.; τὰ καλά the proprieties or elegancies of life, Hdt.1.8, 207;ἁπάντων καλῶν ἄμμορος Pi.O.1.84
;αἱ τέχναι ἃς πηγάς φασι τῶν κ. εἶναι X.Cyr.7.2.13
.II with ref. to use, good, of fine quality,κ. λιμήν Od.6.263
; Βορέῃ ἀνέμῳ.. καλῷ fair, 14.253, 299; κ. ἀργύριον, opp. κίβδηλον, genuine silver, X.Mem.3.1.9; opp. ἀποτετριμμένον, good silver currency, PCair.Zen.21.33 (iii B. C.);ἐλαῖαι PHib. 1.49.12
(iii B. C.);γῆ Ev.Luc.8.15
;κ. οἶνος PFay.133.8
(iv A. D.);στρατόπεδον κάλλιστον Th.5.60
;ἀνταπεδώκατε πονηρὰ ἀντὶ καλῶν LXX Ge. 44.4
;κ. ἐς στρατιάν X.Cyr.3.3.6
; , Grg. 474d, etc.: c. inf.,λόφος κάλλιστος τρέχειν X.An.4.8.26
; ἐν καλῷ [ τόπῳ] in a good place, καθίζεσθαι, ὁρμεῖν, Ar.Th. 292, X.HG2.1.25; ἐν καλῷ μὲν τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῶν πόλεων, ἐν κ. δὲ τοῦ τὴν Χώραν βλάπτειν, ib.6.2.9; ἐν καλῷ under favourable circumstances, Th.5.59.60; ἐν κ. (sc. Χρόνῳ ) in good time, in season, E.IA 1106; ἐν οὐ κ. Id.Or. 579; ἐν καλῷ [ ἐστι] c. inf., S.El. 384 (so καλόν ἐστι c. inf., Id.Ph. 1155 (lyr.), Ar. Pax 278, Th.8.2);ἐς καλόν S.OT78
, Pl.Men. 89e, Smp. 174e; τί γὰρ ἐμοὶ ζῆν καλόν; what is the good of life to me? Ph.2.594; καλῇ πίστει, = Lat.bona fide, PTeb.418.14 (iii A. D.).2 of sacrifices, auspicious, ; ;ἱερά Th.4.92
;τὸ τέλος κ. τῆς ἐξόδου X.An.5.2.9
;κ. τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν αὐτῷ Id.Cyr.3.2.3
: c. inf.,ἰέναι.. κ. ἡμῖν τὰ ἱερὰ ἦν Id.An.2.2.3
: Com., τὰ τῆς πυγῆς κ. (for τοῦ θεοῦ) Ar. Pax 868.III in a moral sense, beautiful, noble, honourable, in Hom. only in neut.,οὐ καλὸν ἔειπες Od.8.166
, cf. 17.381;μεῖζον κλέος.. καὶ κάλλιον 18.255
; freq. καλόν [ ἐστι] c. inf.,κ. τοι σὺν ἐμοὶ τὸν κήδειν ὅς κ' ἐμὲ κήδῃ Il.9.615
; οὐ γὰρ ἔμοιγε κ. (sc. ἄρχειν) 21.440;οὐ κ. ἀτέμβειν οὐδὲ δίκαιον Od.20.294
; so in Trag.,καλόν μοι τοῦτο ποιούσῃ θανεῖν S.Ant.72
, etc.;μάθετε καλὸν ποιεῖν LXXIs.1.17
: [comp] Comp.,οὐ μέν τοι τόδε κάλλιον οὐδὲ ἔοικε Od.7.159
, cf. Il.24.52; after Hom. freq. of actions, etc.,κάλων κἄσλων Sapph.Supp.2.4
(unless of persons here); κ. ἔργματα noble deeds, Pi.I.4(3).42, cf. S.Fr. 839, etc.; ἀναστροφὴ κ. 1 Ep.Pet.2.12: in pl., excellences,πλῆθος καλῶν Pi.O.13.45
; ; τὰ τοῦ παιδὸς κ. X.Smp.8.17.2 τὸ κ. moral beauty, virtue, honour, opp. τὸ αἰσχρόν, Id.Mem.1.1.16, cf. Pl.Smp. 183d, etc.;ὅττι καλόν, φίλον ἐστί, τὸ δ' οὐ καλὸν οὐ φίλον ἐστίν Thgn.17
, cf. E.Ba. 881 (lyr.), Pl. Ly. 216c;οὐ ταὐτὸν ἡγῇ σύ, ὡς ἔοικας, κ. τε καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακὸν καὶ αἰσχρόν Id.Grg. 474d
, cf. Smp. 201e; τοὐμὸν κ. E.Supp. 300.3 of persons, in early writers coupled with ἀγαθός, v. καλοκἀγαθός; laterκ. ποιμήν Ev.Jo.10.11
;κ. στρατιώτης
2 Ep.Tim.2.3
.IV in [dialect] Att. and Trag. freq. ironically, fine, specious, γέρας κ. A.Eu. 209;κ. γὰρ οὑμὸς βίοτος ὥστε θαυμάσαι S.El. 393
, cf. E.Ba. 652;κ. Χάρις D.9.65
;κ. ὕβριν ὑβρισμένοι Id.23.121
;καί σοι.. θωπεῦσαι καλόν S.OC 1003
;μετ' ὀνομάτων καλῶν Th.5.89
.B Degrees of [comp] Comp.: [comp] Comp. καλλίων, ον, Il.24.52, Od.10.396, etc.: neut. κάλιον [pron. full] [ᾰ] Alc.134: [comp] Sup. κάλλιστος, η, ον, Il.20.233, etc.; late καλλιώτερος or - ότερος, POxy.1672.6 (i A. D.), Sch.E. Tr. 966; alsoκαλώτερος Hdn.Epim.69
.C Adv.:—Poets freq. use neut. καλόν as Adv.,κ. ἀείδειν Il.18.570
, Od.1.155;καλά Il.6.326
; later τὸ κ. Theoc.3.3, 18, Call.Epigr.53, Herod.1.54.II regul. Adv. [full] καλῶς ([dialect] Dor. [full] καλώς Sophr.22), well, rightly,οὐδ' ἔτι κ. οἶκος ἐμὸς διόλωλε Od.2.64
; κ. ζῆν, τεθνηκέναι, etc., S.Aj. 479, etc.; κ. φρονεῖν to be in one's right mind, Id.Fr. 836;οὐ κ. ταρβεῖς Id.Tr. 457
; κ. ἀγωνιεῖσθαι fairly, on the merits of the case, Lys.13.88; Χρήματα δατῆθθαι κ. Leg.Gort.4.39;κ. εἰρημένα S.Fr. 576.6
;κάλλιον λέγεις Pl.Tht. 161b
;κάλλιστ' ἂν εἴποι S.OT 1172
: freq. in phrase καλῶς καὶ εὖ, καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ, Pl.Prt. 319e, Prm. 128b, etc.2 of good fortune, well, happily, κ. πράσσειν, = εὖ π., A.Pr. 979, S.Ant. 271;κ. καὶ εὖ πράττειν Pl.Chrm. 172a
; κ. ἔχειν to be well, A.Th. 799, etc.;κ. ἔχει σοι Ar.Ach. 946
, cf. S.El. 816; κ. ἔχει c. inf., 'tis well to.., X.Mem.3.11.1: c. gen., κ. ἔχειν τινός to be well off in respect to a thing, Hp.Superf.29;κ. παράπλου κεῖσθαι Th.1.36
;εἰ κ. σφίσιν ἔχοι Id.4.117
;οὔτε τοῖς θεοῖς ἔφη κ. ἔχειν, εἰ.. X.Mem.1.3.3
;καλλιόνως ἔχει Pl.Tht. 169e
, etc.;κάλλιστα ἕζει Id.Hp.Ma. 295b
.3 καλῶς, = πάνυ, thoroughly, altogether,τὸν κ. εὐδαίμονα A.Fr. 317
, = S. Fr. 934;κ. ἔξοιδα Id.OC 269
, cf. OT 1008;κ. ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς διεφθάρθαι D.S.13.108
: [comp] Comp.,κάλλιον εἰδέναι Pl.Hp.Ma. 300d
; κάλλιον ἐοικέναι to be just like , Hp.Genit.8.5 κ. ποιῶν rightly, deservedly,κ. ποιῶν ἀπόλλυται Ar.Pl. 863
, cf. D.1.28, al., Aeschin.3.232; in requests, κ. ποιήσεις πριάμενος, etc., PPetr.3p.143 (iii B. C.), etc.; also c. inf.,κ. π. γράψαι BGU1203.7
(i B. C.), etc.6 in answers, to approve the words of the former speaker, well said! E.Or. 1216, D.39.15; also, to decline an offer courteously, no, thank you! Ar.Ra. 888;κ. ἔχει Antiph.165
, Men.Pk. 266; πάνυ κ. Ar.Ra. 512; ἀμέλει κ. ib. 532: [comp] Sup., κάλλιστ', ἐπαινῶ ib. 508;ἔχει κάλλιστα Theoc.15.3
.8 κ. ὁ ἱερεύς hurrah for the priest! SIG1109.14 (Athens, ii A. D.).9 repeated with the Adj.,καλὴ καλῶς Ar.Ach. 253
, Pax 1330, Ec. 730;καλὸς κάλλιστά τε ῥέξαις Pi.O.9.94
.10 [comp] Comp.καλλιόνως Pl.Tht.
l.c., Lg. 660d: [comp] Sup.καλλίστως PMag.Par.1.2443
,2465, Sch.E.Hec. 310.D for compds., v. καλλι-, καλο-.E Quantity: [pron. full] ᾱ in [dialect] Ep. and early Iamb. Poets (exc. h.Ven.29, Hes.Op.63, Th. 585): [pron. full] ᾰ in Lyr. (exc.κᾱλῶς B.12.206
) and Trag. (A. Fr. 314, S.Ph. 1381 are corrupt).--In Eleg., Epigr., and Bucol. Poets [pron. full] ᾰ or [pron. full] ᾱ (the latter usu. in thesi);τὰ μὴ κᾰλὰ κᾱλὰ πέφανται Theoc.6.19
, cf. Herod.7.115, Call.Jov.55.--In [comp] Comp., [pron. full] ῐ in Hom., [pron. full] ῑ in Trag. and later. -
9 ἄρτος
ἄρτος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)ⓐ gener. (Did., Gen. 190, 25) Mt 4:4 (Dt 8:3); 14:17, 19; 15:26, 33f; 16:8ff; Mk 6:38, 44, 52 (QQuesnell, The Mind of Mark, ’69); 7:27; 8:4ff, 14 (JManek, NovT 7, ’64, 10–14), 16f; Lk 4:4 (Dt 8:3); 9:13; 11:5; J 6:5, 23, 26; 21:9; 2 Cor 9:10 (Is 55:10). Opp. λίθος Mt 4:3 and Lk 4:3 (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 32 Simon Mag. ἐκ λίθων ἄρτους ποιεῖ); Mt 7:9; Lk 11:11 v.l. W. water (Dt 9:9, 18; Sir 29:21; Hos 2:7) Hs 5, 3, 7. The father of the household opened a meal (s. Billerb. IV 620ff) by taking a loaf of bread, giving thanks, breaking it, and distributing it: λαμβάνειν τὸν ἄ., (κατα)κλάσαι τὸν ἄ. (Jer 16:7) Mt 14:19; 15:36; Mk 6:41; 8:19; Lk 9:16; 24:30; J 6:11; 21:13; Ac 20:11; 27:35. Cp. Lk 24:35; Ac 2:42, 46; 20:7. Usu. taken along on journeys Mk 6:8; Lk 9:3; cp. Mt 16:5, 7; Mk 8:14. W. gen. of price διακοσίων δηναρίων ἄρτοι J 6:7; Mk 6:37. ἄρτοι κρίθινοι (Judg 7:13; 4 Km 4:42) loaves of barley bread J 6:9, 13. The martyr’s body in the fire is compared to baking bread MPol 15:2.—Dalman, Arbeit IV: Brot, Öl u. Wein ’35.ⓑ of a bread-offering ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως (Ex 40:23; 1 Km 21:7; 1 Ch 9:32; 23:29; 2 Ch 4:19; cp. 2 Ch 13:11; 2 Macc 10:3; Dssm. B 155f [BS 157]. Cp. OGI 56, 73; UPZ 149, 21 [III B.C.] πρόθεσις τ. ἄρτων in a temple ln. 31) consecrated bread (Billerb. III 719–33) Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4; Hb 9:2.—S. πρόθεσις.ⓒ of the bread of the eucharist, which likew. was broken after giving thanks, and then eaten (Orig., C. Cels. 8, 33, 25) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; perh. Ac 2:42, 46; 20:7; 1 Cor 10:16f (the acc. τὸν ἄρτον vs. 16 is by attraction to the rel. ὅν; cp. Gen 31:16); 11:23, 26ff; D 14:1; IEph 20:2; AcPl Ha 4, 4 (s. κλάω, κατακλάω, εὐχαριστέω 2, εὐχαριστία 3 and Aberciusins. 16.—Diog. L. 8, 35: acc. to Pythagoras the εἷς ἄρτος [1 Cor 10:17] has served as a symbol of the union of the φίλοι from time immemorial to the present. Partaking of the same bread and wine [τ. αὐτὸν ἄρτον, οἶνον] as proof of the most intimate communion: Theodor. Prodr. 8, 400ff H.; Herodas 4, 93f: in the temple of Asclepius those who offer a sacrifice—in this case women—receive consecrated bread called ὑγιίη [ὑγίεια] to eat; Athen. 3, 115a ὑγίεια καλεῖται ἡ διδομένη ἐν ταῖς θυσίαις μᾶζα ἵνα ἀπογεύσωνται=the barley-cake that is given everyone to taste at the sacrifices is called Health; Anecd. Gr. 313, 13).—PdeBoer, Divine Bread, Studies in the Rel. of Anc. Israel, ’72, 27–36. S. καλάσις 2.② any kind of food or nourishment, food gener. (since bread is the most important food; cp. לֶחֶם e.g. Is 65:25; Am 8:11; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]) περισσεύεσθαι ἄρτων have more than enough bread, i.e. plenty to eat Lk 15:17 (cp. Pr 20:13). διαθρύπτειν πεινῶσι τὸν ἄ. break bread for the hungry, i.e. give them someth. to eat B 3:3, cp. 5 (Is 58:7, 10). Hence ἄ. ἐσθίειν eat, dine, eat a meal (Gen 37:25; 2 Km 12:20; Eccl 9:7; Orig., C. Cels 7, 28, 43; cp. Did., Gen. 190, 12) Mt 15:2; Mk 3:20; 7:2, 5; Lk 14:1. δωρεὰν ἄ. φαγεῖν παρά τινος eat someone’s bread without paying 2 Th 3:8. Opp. τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτον ἐσθίειν vs. 12. Of an ascetic way of life μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον neither eating bread nor drinking wine, i.e. fasting Lk 7:33 (cp. 1 Esdr 9:2). On ἄ. ἐπιούσιος Mt 6:11; Lk 11:3; D 8:2 s. ἐπιούσιος.—τρώγειν τινὸς τὸν ἄ. be the guest of someone J 13:18 (cp. Ps 40:10). Since according to a concept widespread among Israelites and gentiles, eternal bliss was to be enjoyed in the form of a banquet, φαγεῖν ἄ. ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ=share eternal bliss, or salvation Lk 14:15.—In J ἄ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ (after Ps 77:24; cp. Ex 16:4; 2 Esdr 19:15; Ps 104:40; Wsd 16:20; SibOr Fgm. 3, 49) is Christ and his body in the Eucharist J 6:31ff, 41, 50, 58 or simply Christ himself. For this ἄ. τῆς ζωῆς (JosAs 8:5; 15:4) vs. 35, 48; ὁ ἄ. ὁ ζῶν vs. 51. Sim. ἄ. τ. θεοῦ IEph 5:2; IRo 7:3; ἄ. τ. Χριστοῦ 4:1.—BGärtner, J 6 and the Jewish Passover: ConNeot 17, ’59; GVermes, MBlack Festschr., ’69, 256–63.③ means of support, support, livelihood τὸν ἄ. λαμβάνειν take his bread (i.e. support) D 11:6 (difft. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 68, 20: ‘take bread [from someone’s hand]’).④ reward for labor, reward, proceeds λαμβάνειν τὸν ἄ. τοῦ ἔργου receive the reward of (one’s) labor 1 Cl 34:1.—EBattaglia, ‘Artos’, il lessico della panificazione nei paperi greci ’89.—B. 357. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. -
10 σφαγή
σφᾰγ-ή, ἡ,A slaughter; the sg. is freq. in E., as Hec. 571, 1037, al.; in pl., A.Eu. 187, 450, S.El.37, E.Hec. 522, al.; ἕστηκε.. μῆλα πρὸς σφαγὰς πυρός ready for the sacrificial fire, A.Ag. 1057; πολυθύτους τεύχειν ς. to offer many sacrifices, S.Tr. 756: also in Prose,ὑπὸ σφαγῆς Pl.R. 610b
;θανάτους τε καὶ σφαγάς Id.Lg. 682e
;σφαγὰς ποιεῖσθαι X.HG 4.4.2
; σφαγὰς τῶν γνωρίμων ποιήσαντες ib.2.2.6, cf. Isoc.8.96, D.19.260;ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι σφαγὰς ἐμποιοῦντες Isoc.5.107
.2 with collat. sense of a wound, αἷμα τῶν ἐμῶν ς. S.Tr. 573, cf. 717; ἐκφυσιῶν.. αἵματος σφαγήν the blood gushing from the wound, A.Ag. 1389; καθάρμοσον σφαγάς close the gaping wound, E.El. 1228 (lyr.);ἐσφάγη.. σφαγὴν βραχεῖαν Ath.9.381a
.II the throat, the spot where the victim is struck (κοινὸν μέρος αὐχένος καὶ στήθους σφαγή Arist. HA 493b7
), Antipho 5.69: pl.,ἐν σφαγαῖσι βάψασα ξίφος A.Pr. 863
;ἐς σφαγὰς ὦσαι ξίφος E.Or. 291
; so in prose,οἰστοὺς.. ἐς τὰς σ. καθιέντες Th.4.48
, cf. Sor.2.63; εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν.. διὰ τῶν ς. Arist. HA 511b35. -
11 ῥέζω
ῥέζω (A), freq. in [dialect] Ep. and Trag. (v. infr.), but rare in [dialect] Att. Prose and Com. (Pherecr. 152 is mock heroic): [tense] impf.Aἔρεζον Il.2.400
, [dialect] Ep.ῥέζον Od.3.5
, [dialect] Ion.ῥέζεσκον Il.8.250
: [tense] fut.ῥέξω Od.11.31
, A.Eu. 788 (lyr.), al.: [tense] aor.ἔρρεξα Il.9.536
, 10.49, Pl.Lg. 642c; poet. alsoἔρεξα Hom.
(v. infr.), Hes.Fr. 174, S.OC 538 (lyr.), etc.; [dialect] Aeol. part.ῥέξαις Pi.O. 9.94
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. 1 opt.ῥεχθείη Hp.Epid.7.11
; part.ῥεχθείς Il.9.250
, 20.198. ( ῥέζω from ϝρέγ-yω, cogn. with ἔρδω from ϝέργ-yω [through ϝέρzδω]: [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Boeot. [full] ῥέδδω Eust.226.8, 984.1, Hsch.; [tense] aor. part.ϝρέξαντα IG4.1607
([place name] Cleonae).)1 abs.,ὧδε δὲ ῥέξαι Il.2.802
;οὐ κατὰ μοῖραν ἔρεξας Od.9.352
, etc.2 more freq. trans. c. acc. rei, do, accomplish, make, ;μέρμερα ἔργα, ὅσσ' ἄνδρες ῥέξαντες.. Il.10.525
, cf. Od.22.314; τί ῥέξομεν; Il.11.838; , cf. 2.274;ὅ τι ποσσίν τε ῥέξῃ καὶ χερσίν Od.8.148
; so in Lyr. and Trag.,ῥέζοντά τι καὶ παθεῖν ἔοικε Pi.N.4.32
; τί ῥέξω; A.Eu. 788, cf. Th. 104 (both lyr.); τί ῥέξας τύχοιμ' ἂν.. ; Id.Ch. 316 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., οὐδέ τι μῆχος ῥεχθέντος κακοῦ ἔστ' ἄκος εὑρεῖν for the mischief if once done, Il.9.250;ῥεχθὲν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω 17.32
.3 c. dupl. acc. pers. et rei, do something to one,κακὰ ῥέξαι τινά 3.354
, Od.2.73;ἀγαθὰ ῥ. τινά 22.209
, cf. Il.9.647;οὐδέν σε ῥέξω κακά 24.370
, cf. 4.32, Od.2.72: with Adv., κακῶς μιν ἔρ. wronged him, 23.56; soἡ πόλις ἡμᾶς οὐ καλῶς ἔρρεξε Pl.Lg. 642c
: but c. dat. pers., μηκέτι μοι κακὰ ῥέζετε do me (ethic dat.) no more mischiefs, Od.20.314;ὅσα βροτοῖς ἔρεξας κακά E.Med. 1292
(lyr.).4 with strengthd. signf., εἴ τι νόος ῥέξει if it shall avail aught, be of any service, Il.14.62.II in special sense, perform sacrifices, ἱερὰ ῥ. Od.1.61, 3.5; ῥ. ἑκατόμβας ἀθανάτοις offer a hecatomb to the gods, Il.23.206, cf. Od. 5.102, Pi.P.10.34;ῥ. θαλύσιά τινι Il.9.535
;θύματα Ζηνὶ τῆς ἁλώς εως S.Tr. 288
: abs., do sacrifice,ῥ. θεῷ Il.2.400
, 8.250, etc.: sts. with the victim in acc., σοί.. ῥέξω βοῦν ἦνιν will sacrifice it, 10.292, cf. Od.9.553, 10.523.------------------------------------
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